3D+Manufacturing



toc =Introduction: =

3D printing or Additive manufacturing is the group of technologies that allows a machine to build an object by adding one layer at a time (National intelligence council, 2013) One of the great things about 3D manufacturing is that the field moves faster than the speed of light and technological advances take place in huge leaps and bounds, (Lipson and Kurman, 2013). This makes the trends in this field unpredictable but if managed correctly, highly profitable very quickly. This is possible for a business that starts early in the market growth and grows rapidly along with the technology. This is a routine which has been demonstrated time and time again in the technological industry, a great example of this is how rapidly mobile phones have advanced in the last decade, Apple and Samsung have managed to dominate this market due to their ability to market successfully and advanced technology and keep growing at an exponential rate along with the new technologies that become available to them. This industry of additive manufacturing and it has been predicted by Terry Wohlers (CEO of a consulting company specialising in 3D manufacturing) to reach $6.1 billion by 2016 (McCue, 2012).

Ways 3D manufacturing can shape the business world:[[image:3D-Globe.jpg width="412" height="235" align="right"]]
There are many ways in which the use of Additive manufacturing can shape new trends and the direction of the market, key areas to consider when thinking about how the 3D printing market can be utilized are;


 * If 3D printers become an everyday household item, it is the designs of products which will be sold, There will no longer be a need to manufacture goods due to the high costs of factories and shipping. As there is not a limit to what can be produced using these printers’ consumers will be able to print out any item they desire. This is a delicate market as intellectual property will be a company’s way of making a profit and digital information can be spread round the internet for free easily which is explain in greater detail bellow (Martin, 2013)


 * It can allow for many more at home start-up companies to enter into a variety of markets. Due to the variety of uses for a 3D printer many people will be able to draw up their own designs and sell the finished products all from the comfort of their own home. This will transfer the balance of power away from large companies towards small and medium sized companies, as there will no longer be a use for larger overseas factories (Wu, 2013).

Current relevance in the Business world:

 * Transfer of manufacturing East to West: **

One of the biggest effect that 3D manufacturing has had on the current business world could arguably be the shift of power in manufacturing back from East to West. D'Aveni (2013) says ‘The great transfer of wealth and jobs to the East over the past two decades may have seemed a decisive tipping point. But this new technology will change again how the world leans.’ Richard D’Aveni is describing how the use of 3D technology in a home environment can take away some industrial jobs from the eastern countries the products were originally created in, with manufacturing being at or close to the point of purchase or consumption. 3D printing could lead countries like china losing their mass manufacturing power to the rest of the world but this doesn't meant china or countries like it will be losing out as they have large domestic markets they can produce for (D'Aveni, 2013). Parts can now be made at dealerships, repair shops and assembly plants which could eliminate the need for supply chain management by making components as and when they are needed which will take out the long and expensive process of ordering in parts and materials from larger suppliers. This will cut out the need for many factories in Asia as more and more people will be creating their own items, China already pushes the mass manufacturing model to its limits but with the price of shipping across the world no work force can be paid little enough to compete with the price of home 3D creations. Agreeing with this is Graham (2014) by saying that the world will transform from a macro-manufactured supply chain to a micro-manufactured supply chain, meaning that the supply chain will no longer be a long one and can lead to rather than having one factory producing all products have more smaller factories producing a smaller quantity.


 * Re opening a market: **

With the popularity of 3D printing ever increasing this leads to a potential for a rise in the printing service industry. When the price of home ink jet printers became affordable for all the printing industry hit an all-time low, but with the cost of 3D printers still too expensive for the average home owner we can potential for this industry to grow again. This will be an opportunity for businesses to set up shops to print out objects for consumers, as people become more aware of the vast possibilities of 3D printers they will be keen to include it in to their lives (Sandu, 2014). Shapeways is one of the companies to do exactly this. Based online they have a wide range of products and designs on t heir site in which a consumer can chose from with the size and material completely changeable to the customer’s specification. There is also the option to upload personalised images from which the company can create a 3D model, which ranges from simple computer 2D to 3D modelling to hiring a designer to create the perfect 3D model. You can try uploading your own images and see the results at: https://www.shapeways.com/creator/2dto3d/?li=nav#landing


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Object photocopying: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Along with as 3D printing, 3D scanning is also involved in additive manufacturing. This is also a new and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">rapidly advancing technology, ranging from the use of lasers to scan objects to taking x rays of objects. It is currently a slow and costly way to duplicate objects and it has to undergo tedious post processing bef <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;">or <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">e it will be able to be printed (Bartolo, 2009). This technology is currently improving and promises only improve and become available and easy to use for all as they wish. 3D scanning can also be used for remodeling medical equipment; this is created through the data which has been collected with the use of MRI machines, 3D ultra sounds and Computerised Tomography (Gibson etal, 2010). The company Materialise has done this to create comfortable fitting in ear hearing aids, they do this by scanning the impression which is made from the patient’s ear canal which gives they the exact size specification to then use a 3D printer to create their hearing aid (Materialise, 2014)


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Prototypes: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Additive Manufacturing was originally created with the purpose of creating rapid prototypes for new products whilst trying to keep the costs relatively low. Additive manufacturing is ideal for making prototypes during the early development phases of a product as it significantly reducing the time required for product development and market launch (EOS, 2014). This is done with the use of low cost highly versatile printing materials called photo polymers this material allows quick creation but is of a low quality. The use of 3D printing has significantly improved the creation process of companies when creating new products process, Honda have been using 3D printing to crate prototypes since 1997 with their latest one being the NSX concept which is they claim to be the next generation of super car. This has allowed them to see to scale how the car will look enabling them to make adjustments easily and efficiently (Honda, 2014).


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Construction: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">3D manufacturing has helped advance the architecture and construction industries with creation of 3D models to the printing of individual parts being created on site to printing out an entire house. In early 2013 the idea was suggested that 3D printing of an entire house would be possible, from that time companies have been researching in to how this can be made possible. In November of the same year the University of South Carolina were testing a giant 3D printer which has the potential to create a house in 24 hours, layer by layer (Hattersley, 2013). Other firms are researching different methods which involve printing out each part of the house to be fitted together on construction. No house has yet been competed solely with the use of additive manufacturing but a company in Amsterdam started creation of a house in March 2014 which uses giant blocks that slot together (Villasanta, 2014).


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Novelty uses: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">3D printing also has a novel side to it as well, it can be used for a wide range of reason and two popular uses for it are:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Personalised action figures are now becoming highly popular with the consumer market. These are created when a customer sends a selfie to a company and they will create a 3D scale model of them, which is printed and put on to any figurine from bobble heads to wedding cake toppers (Dredge, 2014). This is a positive advancement in the additive manufacturing industry, this shows us how the technology has moved forward and programs are now able to create models from 2D pictures without the use of a 3D scan.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Parents are now able to take ultra sounds one step further, instead of just having the ultrasound printed as a photo for your wallet, parents are now able to have 3D scale models of their unborn babies printed. One company in America 3D babies tried to start their business through the use of crowd funding, this proved to be unsuccessful and only raised 10% of their goal. Even so they were still able to create their site and are currently open for business selling 3D models of babies for full size to two inch miniatures starting from a price of $200 (3D Babies, 2014).


 * In Orbit Manufacturing (Additional Content by Tim Baker)**

NASA has publically stated that they are investigating the ways in which 3D printing can be embraced to enable replacement of broken components replacing the need to send all variations of spares required. The obviously implications here are time saving as it would enable repairs to be conducted without waiting for parts from the ground (which also improves safety for those on board). It will also reduce cost the cost of servicing orbiting space craft as fewer capsules will be required to deliver supplies.

The most obvious problem with the 3D manufacturing in space is the lack of gravity, which could result in part printed objects moving away from the print bed. There have been several studies put forward which suggest that while this could limit the scope of what printers are able to achieve, by using specially adapted print material (which is normal stiffer and sets faster) this issue should be overcome.

There has been no 3D printer currently sent into orbit, there have however been tests which have been conducted in zero gravity environments and NASA has speculated that they will be sending a 3D printer to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014 (Gigaom, 2014). Whilst there have been no parts made in space as of yet, several key components have been 3D printed on the ground which have been sent to the ISS. The tests of these components have proved successful and all have shown the have the same strength and tolerances of their non-printer counterparts. Furthermore a 3D printed battery case has proven to actually be beneficial over the alternatives as it has allowed a smaller holder to be created through the use of a honeycomb structure which has in turn allowed additional batteries to be stored.

While 3D parts that support human environments in space are in their relative infancy numerous small satellites have utilised the technology for manufacturing on earth because of the reduce weight advantages that exist.

Another, very much alternative use that NASA is looking into is 3D food printing in space. NASA has awarded the Texas firm a phase 1 grant (very early stage) to look at the feasibility of increasing dinning capabilities within zero gravity environments. The main point of investigation of this study is to understand the nutritional stability of food being produced, and if textures can be mimicked as close to the real thing as possible. One of the key benefits to enabling 3D food printing is to enable astronauts to consume the same food that they do on earth, as a “home comfort” which would aide in minimising home sickness and potential physiological effects as a result.


 * Nano Printing**

Nano Printing of 3D components is how virtually all Nano technologies are manufactured. Contrary to previous methods of printing as opposed to laying material the majority of Nano printed items are formed from a pool of plastic resin which is melted and formed using laser synthesis. The main benefit of using 3D manufacturing is within the personalisation capability; meaning that each printed object can vary slightly to suit its exact environment more closely. There are many arguments suggesting that Nano technologies are still very much within the early stage of development and that 3D printing will have a considerable role to play in developing the industry.

Commonly medical implications are cited for the application of Nano technologies and while that is true there are a great deal more applications where Nano technologies may have an crucial role if 3D printing can indeed driver forward development.

//Uses for 3D Printed Nano Technology//
 * // Medical applications //
 * // Waste management (accelerating natural processes) //
 * // Wearable technology //
 * // Self-healing materials //

One on the fastest growing uses of 3D printers is to circumvent the costs of buying new 3D printers. While this idea may be limited to the hobbyist market, as opposed to the professional manufacturing industry, by allowing consumers to purchase only the electronic and motor components there is a substantial cost reduction. The remaining parts can be printed from free downloadable CAD files using a 3D printer which has already been fully setup. While this allows friends to assist in setting up 3D printers it also make a highly competitive market for manufacturing certain the parts which are commonly sold on stores such as eBay.
 * Printing 3D Printers**

One of the most common products which describes itself as a self-replicating machine is the RepRap. Machines such as this are seen to be what will push forward manufacturing and hobbyist uses in countries where salaries and development is not so high. This is because it will allow an affordable alternative to purchasing what may be on offer in limited retail settings. There is however a great deal of speculation about this as there may equally be problems in obtaining computers able to run required software and supply of plastic printing material may be limited.

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 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Medical potential: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Arguably the greatest achievement to result from additive manufacturing is the advancement which has been made in the medical field. 3D printers are being used for a large variety of functions from the printing of prescription drugs to recreating limbs.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Scientists are now able to print human tissue using 3D printers. At the University of Texas they have successfully printed out small portions of human skin which have been successfully graphed on to the back of a mouse, this was created from an old modified inkjet printer. The scientists say that they the overall goal of their research is to create skin and other tissue to treat wounds and other medical issues. This technology is still in its early stages are currently awaiting approval to text it on willing participants (Kocherga, 2014).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Project Daniel, is a charity project started by Not Impossible Labs a company which takes on daunting healthcare challenges using low cost methods, the project is run by C.E.O Mike Ebeling. This is a project set up to help the victims of the civil war in Sudan who’s arms have been blown off in the cross fire. The company went to Sudan with a 3d printer, laptops and materials for printing, their goal was to create an 3D printed arm and then teach the locals how to do this to with the materials provided. The cost of each arm is $100 for materials and labour and the company are asking for donations so their good work can carry on (McCracken, 2014). This video will further explain how and why this project was created. This shows a dramatic change in the trends of additive manufacturing as third world countries are able to create limbs with very few resources this gives huge potential for this field to advance. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">.

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Strategic Framework of 3D Manufacturing:
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">For a company to fully capitalise from 3D printing within their business there need to be a form of strategic framework which will give a layout on how to introduce 3D printing into a business.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Establishing the initiative:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Identify how 3D printing can directly affect the company.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Consider the future implications this will have.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Invest in technology
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Identify the technologies needed.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Decided upon how much should be spent
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Find where this can be sourced.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Create a network
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Are and partners needed for 3D printing to be successful.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Identify who will be the key stake holders.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Will any legal documents need to be re written in order to protect intellectual property.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Changes in the organisation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Identify the key skills which need to be learnt in order to operate.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Decide if the business will need a new structure to accommodate 3D printing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Identify the new job roles which are needed for the venture.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Implement the innovation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">How will it be taken to the 3D market
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ensure the new 3D products fit in with the current product range.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Identify and promote to the correct target market.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(Grynol, 2013)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;">**What’s on offer:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">As of January the 12th 2014 the best value 3D printer for commercial use is the da Vinci 3D printer manufactured by the XYZprinting Inc. from Tiawan. The starting price is $499 which makes it the cheapest “plug and play” printer on the market (Poladian, 2014). XYZprinting Inc. is part of the largest Taiwanese company Kinpo Electronics, Inc. who have been the front runners of the Taiwanese electronics industry since 1973, operating throughout the world.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The company Aio robotics have developed the first home, 4 in one 3D printer; the functions include Scanning, Photocopying, Faxing and Printing. This printer was the result of a successful crowd funding campaigns, raising $111,111 dollars from 170 backers (Kickstarter, 2014). It is called the Zeus, and is still in the testing stages of development, the product has not yet been priced but Aio robotics say it will be available for pre order soon (Aio Robotics, 2014).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Dangers:
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Many people <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;"> are worries that 3D manufacturing can be used to produce working fire arms on their personal 3D printers which will make it making it difficult for governments to regulate gun control and track gun ownership. In November 2013 the first metal 3D printed gun was created by the company Solid Concepts a world leader in 3D printing services, they have a full Federal Firearms Licence and are marketing there product as unique gun parts within five days for qualifying customer (Solid Concepts, 2013). Metal printers are still very much for industrial use over personal use as they are expensive for the machine and materials, making illegal copies of these guns highly expensive. Helen Rowe (2013) has expressed that doing this would become hugely expensive and potentially harmful to the creator due to the complexity of a gun and the hazardous materials being used. But in late 2013 Cody Wilson (a former law student at the University of Texas) developed I revolutionary design for a working gun made from a domestic 3D printer (Gabbatt, 2013). This is a much more dangerous concept as Cody Wilson has vowed to publish the designs on the internet for all to download for free. Making it extremely hard for governments to keep track of gun control and there are argument that in the future when 3D printers are even cheaper it will be easy for children to print out working gun.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Guns: **

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 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Drugs: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.5;">Drugs are also available to print using 3D printers; this has been designed as a system to improve the manufacturing of prescription drugs. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Lee Cronins a chemist at the University of Glasgow has created a system to combine chemicals at a molecular level and printing them using a 3D printer (Le, 2013). This method could easily be misused by people downloading illegal copies of blueprints meaning they could be taking the wrong drug or dosage recommended it also has the potential to create drugs for illegal recreational purposes like LSD and MDMA. This leads to the debate of drug control, ensuring system will be closely monitored and regulated but with the internet it will be impossible to cut out all illegal activities involving 3D drug creation.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Copyright: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">One of the threats to this industry is the company DEFCAD which makes these dangers easily accessible.DEFCAD is a site which has copyright free blueprint designs freely available to the general public, and has been dubbed the ‘Pirate Bay of 3D modelling’ (BBC, 2013). Even in the early stages of this home modelling industry this may prove to have a vast effect on the sales and may limit potential profits for suppliers before they become fully established. According to the BPI research an estimated loss to the media industry through websites similar to Pirate Bay was £984 million a year (Robinson, 2010). This demonstrates how much of an adverse effect this website could have on the industry and those looking to sell their designs they have spent a lot of time and effort into which has the potential to slow down the research with fewer financial incentives.



Digital Rights Management (DRM) is not a new concept, it has been applied to music and movies as well as other content available on the internet for many years, however the rise of 3D printing and the potential issues that copyright or digital piracy pose to this technology are causing new talks on whether existing laws encompass sufficiently this new medium in which consumers are beginning to be able to access.

“3-D Printing will do for physical objects what MP3 files did for music” (Phyllis, 2013). In the beginning 3D Printing websites would allow for users to share their own made designs in order for people to print them off, however this quickly changed to real life objects being copied and uploaded to the same site in the same fashion, meaning that the designs were no longer original.

One of the main issues with 3D designs being copied is the ease at which it can happen there is no physical way to stop someone designing the product on their own computer and sharing it on the internet, it would be extremely difficult to track down people in their homes in order to stop those uploading files. (Phyllis, 2013) “A main advantage of 3-D printing is that users can customise items to their personal needs – for example, by adjusting the sizes and shapes of parts. Manufacturers could customise their mass-market products for people using 3-D printers and promote them as having superior quality” (Phyllis, 2013). “China has flooded the world with cheap replacement parts based on designs pirated form the original equipment manufacturers” (N.V., 2012). The ‘Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998” DMCA (U.S. Copyright Office, 1998) does not explicitly mention 3D printing as it was not thought of as a technology when it was written, However this Act has been used in law suits against ‘Thingiverse’ where designs thought to be copies were uploaded (N.V., 2012). DMCA has been used in a number of cases however it is generally not wanted that the 3D printing era starts off the same way as the digital music era, with a small number of business taking out patents and copyrights on a small number of key elements, which then stops any competition, such as Apple and the iPod.

In order to combat this new form of digital piracy a start up company in California called ‘Authentise’ has developed a solution that will enable the source of 3D files to be easily recognisable and traceable. It also has developed a way to allow a 3D printed design to only be allowed to be printed once, “You don’t received the raw design file ... so you can’t copy and share it” (Simonite, 2013) as it streams the file to the printer, much like how Netflix streams movie to its audience, the consumer never owns a copy of the content, on the rights to view it, and now print it.

It is however recognised that this will not stop copyright infringement totally, as people will always find a way to share content they shouldn’t online, it is seen as a similar service to iTunes, a trusted place where people go for downloads that they are sure do not contain viruses for example.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Whats next for 3D printing,
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">As we can see there is huge potential for 3D manufacturing to progress at an exponential rate, it is unclear where 3D printing will go next as so many possibilities for its usage have been explored. Additive manufacturing gives us the opportunity to have self-customization items which can cut out suppliers abroad; consumer will have a greater say in product ranges and less thought will need to be put into design of items as customers can design and create their own. We can see below how the increase of consumer 3D printers is nearly 250% in the last ten years whilst <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21.45px;">commercial ones are not progressing anywhere near the same rate.



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 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Additional References **

Phyllis, K., 2013. //Beyond 3-D Printers' Magic, Possible Legal Wrangling//. [Online] Available at: [] [Accessed 14 May 2014].

Simonite, T., 2013. //Copy Protection for 3-D Printing Aims to Prevent a Piracy Plague//. [Online] Available at: [] [Accessed 14 May 2014].

U.S. Copyright Office, 1998. //The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998//. [Online] Available at: [] [Accessed 14 May 2014].

Gigaom. (2014, 05 10). //NASA is considering recycling plastic for 3D printing on the International Space Station//. Retrieved 05 11, 2014, from Gigaom: http://gigaom.com/2014/05/13/nasa-is-considering-recycling-plastic-for-3d-printing-on-the-international-space-station/
 * References for Orbit Manufacturing**